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Flt-3L (FMS-related Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand) is an endogenous protein that functions as a cytokine and growth factor. Flt-3L is crucial for the development of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Recombinant Flt-3L-Ig is a fusion protein consisting of human Flt-3L fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. This fusion protein is useful for activating Flt3 signaling and inducing the expansion of DC populations. Human Flt-3L-Ig is frequently reported to stimulate Flt3 signaling in vivo in mice.

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The AFS98 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), and CD115. CSF1R is a single-pass type I membrane protein and member of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor family. In mice CSF1R is expressed by monocytes/macrophages, peritoneal exudate cells, plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells, and osteoclasts. CSF1R is a receptor for CSF1 and CSF1 signaling through CSF1R regulates the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the monocytic lineage. The AFS98 antibody has been reported to deplete macrophages and block CSFR1 in vivo.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3ε, a 20 kDa transmembrane cell-surface protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD3ε is one of five polypeptide chains that combine to form the TCR complex. CD3ε is expressed on T lymphocytes, NK-T cells, and to varying degrees on developing thymocytes. CD3 plays roles in TCR signaling, T lymphocyte activation, and antigen recognition. The 145-2C11 antibody has been shown to induce T lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and apoptosis via binding and stimulating the TCR. Additionally, the 145-2C11 antibody has been reported to block the binding of the 17A2 antibody to CD3ε+ T lymphocytes.

The 53-6.7 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD8α. The CD8 antigen is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). Like the TCR, CD8 binds to class I MHC molecules displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC). CD8 is primarily expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on thymocytes, natural killer cells, and some dendritic cell subsets. CD8 most commonly exists as a heterodimer composed of one CD8α and one CD8β chain however, it can also exist as a homodimer composed of two CD8α chains. Both the CD8α and CD8β chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. The molecular weight of each CD8 chain is approximately 34 kDa. The 53-6.7 antibody exhibits depleting activity when used in vivo.

The MR-1 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD154 also known as CD40 ligand. CD154 exists as a 39 kDa accessory molecule and belongs to the TNF superfamily of cytokines. CD154 is primarily expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but can also be expressed by platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as non-hematopoietic cells including smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. CD154 signals through CD40 and is thought to play a key role in T and B lymphocyte costimulation. The MR-1 monoclonal antibody has been reported to inhibit in vitro activation of B lymphocytes by blocking the binding of CD154 with CD40 on T helper cells as well as inhibit the formation of germinal centers and disrupt antigen-specific T cell responses. Additionally, the MR-1 antibody blocks interactions of T cells and antigen-presenting cells in vitro and blocks the development of experimental autoimmune disease in vivo.

The 2.43 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD8α. The CD8 antigen is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). Like the TCR, CD8 binds to class I MHC molecules displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC). CD8 is primarily expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on thymocytes, natural killer cells, and some dendritic cell subsets. CD8 most commonly exists as a heterodimer composed of one CD8α and one CD8β chain however, it can also exist as a homodimer composed of two CD8α chains. Both the CD8α and CD8β chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. The molecular weight of each CD8 chain is approximately 34 kDa. The 2.43 antibody exhibits depleting activity when used in vivo.

The YTS 169.4 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD8α. The CD8 antigen is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). Like the TCR, CD8 binds to class I MHC molecules displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC). CD8 is primarily expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on thymocytes, natural killer cells, and some dendritic cell subsets. CD8 most commonly exists as a heterodimer composed of one CD8α and one CD8β chain however, it can also exist as a homodimer composed of two CD8α chains. Both the CD8α and CD8β chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. The molecular weight of each CD8 chain is approximately 34 kDa. The YTS 169.4 antibody exhibits depleting activity when used in vivo.

The GK1.5 monoclonal antibody reacts with the mouse CD4. The CD4 antigen is a 55 kDa cell surface type I membrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD4 acts as a co-receptor which in cooperation with the T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with class II MHC molecules displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC). CD4 is expressed by the majority of thymocytes, most helper T cells, a subset of NK-T cells and weakly by dendritic cells and macrophages. CD4 plays an important role in the development of T cells and is required for mature T cells to function optimally. The GK1.5 antibody has been shown to compete with clones YTS 177 and YTS 191 for CD4 binding.

The FGK4.5 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD40 also known as Bp50. CD40 is a 48 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. CD40 is expressed broadly on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages, and monocytes as well as non-immune endothelial cells, basal epithelial cells, and a range of tumors. Upon binding to its ligand CD154, CD40 acts as a costimulatory molecule for the activation of B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and other APCs. CD40 plays roles in B cell activation, differentiation, proliferation and Ig isotype switching as well as dendritic cell maturation. Agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies have been shown to activate APCs and promote anti-tumor T cell responses. The FGK4.5 antibody is an agonistic antibody that has been shown to activate CD40 expressing APCs. FGK4.5 can also be used to inhibit CD40/CD154 interaction in vitro and in vivo.

The 11B11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse IL-4 (interleukin-4) a multifunctional 14 kDa cytokine. IL-4 is expressed primarily by activated Th2 cells and NK cells, and at lower levels by mast cells, and basophils. IL-4 signals through the IL-4Rα. Upon receptor binding IL-4 stimulates activated B and T lymphocyte proliferation, and the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. It also induces B cell class switching to IgE, and up-regulates MHC class II production while decreasing the production of Th1 cells, macrophages, IFNγ, and dendritic cell IL-12. Like other Th2 associated cytokines, IL-4 is involved in the airway inflammation observed in the lungs of patients with allergic asthma. The 11B11 monoclonal antibody has been shown to neutralize the bioactivity of natural or recombinant IL-4.

The XMG1.2 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons. IFNγ is primarily produced by activated lymphocytes including T, B, NK cells, and ILCs. IFNγ exerts immunoregulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-viral, and proinflammatory activities and plays an important role in activation, growth, and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells and other non-hematopoietic cell types. Additionally, IFNγ induces the production of cytokines, Fc receptor, and adhesion molecules and up-regulates MHC class I and II antigen expression by antigen presenting cells during an immune response. IFNγ has also been shown to modulate macrophage effector functions, influence isotype switching and induce the secretion of immunoglobulins by B cells. IFNγ signals through the IFN gamma receptor which exists as a heterodimer composed of CD119 (IFN gamma receptor 1) and AF-1 (IFN gamma receptor 2). The IFNγ receptor is expressed ubiquitously on almost all cell types with the exception of mature erythrocytes. The XMG1.2 antibody is a neutralizing antibody.

The OX-86 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse OX-40 also known as CD134. OX-40 is a 50 kDa type I membrane glycoprotein and a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. OX-40 is expressed on activated CD4 and CD8 T cells, but is not found on resting naïve T cells or most resting memory T cells. Although it was originally thought that OX-40 expression was restricted to activated conventional T cells, it has now been visualized on activated regulatory T cells, NKT cells, NK cells, and neutrophils. OX-40 plays a major role in regulating both CD4 and CD8 T cell clonal expansion. It provides a costimulatory signal to an antigen-reacting naive T cells to prolong proliferation, as well as augment the production of several cytokines. This is demonstrated by OX-40 knockout mice which generate fewer primary effector CD4 T cells after immunization. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with an agonist antibody to OX-40 has been shown to strongly enhance the generation of antigen-specific effector T cells and prevent the induction of T cell tolerance. The OX-86 antibody is an agonistic antibody that has been shown to delay tumor growth in vivo.

The UC10-4F10-11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) also known as CD152. CTLA-4 is a 33 kDa cell surface receptor encoded by the Ctla4 gene that belongs to the CD28 family of the Ig superfamily. CTLA-4 is expressed on activated T and B lymphocytes. CTLA-4 is structurally similar to the T-cell co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to the B7 family members B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Upon ligand binding, CTLA-4 negatively regulates cell-mediated immune responses. CTLA-4 plays roles in induction and/or maintenance of immunological tolerance, thymocyte development, and regulation of protective immunity. The critical role of CTLA-4 in immune down-regulation has been demonstrated in CTLA-4 deficient mice, which succumb at 3-5 weeks of age due to the development of a lymphoproliferative disease. CTLA-4 is among a group of inhibitory receptors being explored as cancer treatment targets through immune checkpoint blockade. The UC10-4F10-11 antibody has been shown to promote T cell co-stimulation by blocking CTLA-4 binding to the B7 co-receptors, allowing for CD28 binding.